Association
Association is relation between two separate classes which establishes through their Objects. Association can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many.
In Object-Oriented programming, an Object communicates to other Object to use functionality and services provided by that object. Composition and Aggregation are the two forms of association.
In both aggregation and composition object of one class "owns" object of another class. But there is a subtle difference: Aggregation implies a relationship where the child can exist independently of the parent. ... Composition implies a relationship where the child cannot exist independent of the parent.
Composition and aggregation are two types of association which is used to represent relationships between two classes. In Aggregation , parent and child entity maintain Has-A relationship but both can also exist independently. ... In Composition, parent owns child entity so child entity can't exist without parent entity.
Example:
composition :The definition of composition is the act of putting something together, or the combination of elements or qualities. An example of a composition is a flower arrangement. An example of a composition is a manuscript. An example of a composition is how the flowers and vase are arranged in Van Gogh's painting Sunflowers.
aggregation : A group, body, or mass composed of many distinct parts or individuals A galaxy is an aggregation of stars and gas. 2a : the collecting of units or parts into a mass or whole. b : the condition of being so collected.
Consider the differences and similarities between the classes of the following objects: pets, dogs, tails, owners.
We see the following relationships:
- owners feed pets, pets please owners (association)
- a tail is a part of both dogs and cats (aggregation / composition)
- a cat is a kind of pet (inheritance / generalization)
The figure below shows the three types of association connectors: association, aggregation, and composition. We will go over them in this UML guide.
The figure below shows a generalization. We will talk about it later on in this UML guide.
Association
If two classes in a model need to communicate with each other, there must be a link between them, and that can be represented by an association (connector).
Association can be represented by a line between these classes with an arrow indicating the navigation direction. In case an arrow is on both sides, the association is known as a bidirectional association.
We can indicate the multiplicity of an association by adding multiplicity adornments to the line denoting the association. The example indicates that a Student has one or more Instructors:
A single student can associate with multiple teachers:
The example indicates that every Instructor has one or more Students:
We can also indicate the behavior of an object in an association (i.e., the role of an object) using role names.
Association vs Aggregation vs Composition
The question "What is the difference between association, aggregation, and composition" has been frequently asked lately.
Aggregation and Composition are subsets of association meaning they are specific cases of association. In both aggregation and composition object of one class "owns" object of another class. But there is a subtle difference:
- Aggregation implies a relationship where the child can exist independently of the parent. Example: Class (parent) and Student (child). Delete the Class and the Students still exist.
- Composition implies a relationship where the child cannot exist independent of the parent. Example: House (parent) and Room (child). Rooms don't exist separate to a House.
Composition Example:
We should be more specific and use the composition link in cases where in addition to the part-of relationship between Class A and Class B - there's a strong lifecycle dependency between the two, meaning that when Class A is deleted then Class B is also deleted as a result
Aggregation Example:
It's important to note that the aggregation link doesn't state in any way that Class A owns Class B nor that there's a parent-child relationship (when parent deleted all its child's are being deleted as a result) between the two. Actually, quite the opposite! The aggregation link is usually used to stress the point that Class A instance is not the exclusive container of Class B instance, as in fact the same Class B instance has another container/s.
Summing it up -
To sum it up association is a very generic term used to represent when one class used the functionalities provided by another class. We say it's a composition if one parent class object owns another child class object and that child class object cannot meaningfully exist without the parent class object. If it can then it is called Aggregation.
Generalization vs Specialization
Generalization is a mechanism for combining similar classes of objects into a single, more general class. Generalization identifies commonalities among a set of entities. The commonality may be of attributes, behavior, or both. In other words, a superclass has the most general attributes, operations, and relationships that may be shared with subclasses. A subclass may have more specialized attributes and operations.
Specialization is the reverse process of Generalization means creating new sub-classes from an existing class.
For Example, a Bank Account is of two types - Savings Account and Credit Card Account. Savings Account and Credit Card Account inherit the common/ generalized properties like Account Number, Account Balance, etc. from a Bank Account and also have their specialized properties like unsettled payment etc.
Generalization vs Inheritance
Generalization is the term that we use to denote abstraction of common properties into a base class in UML. The UML diagram's Generalization association is also known as Inheritance. When we implement Generalization in a programming language, it is often called Inheritance instead. Generalization and inheritance are the same. The terminology just differs depending on the context where it is being used.
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